What is per ardua astra?

Per ardua astra is a Latin phrase that translates to "through adversity to the stars" or "through struggle to the stars." It is often used as a motivational slogan or motto by organizations such as the Royal Air Force (RAF), the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).

The motto is closely associated with the RAF, which adopted it in 1912 as its official motto. It reflects the challenges and risks inherent in aviation, as pilots must overcome many obstacles to reach great heights and achieve their goals. The RAF also uses the motto to symbolize the importance of perseverance and determination in the face of adversity, particularly in times of war and conflict.

The motto has also been used by other organizations and individuals to convey a similar message of striving for excellence and reaching one's goals despite obstacles and challenges. It has been cited in various works of literature, music, and popular culture as a symbol of hope, courage, and resilience.